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結(jié)論
在沿海棲息地環(huán)境條件波動(dòng)，在所有少數(shù)現(xiàn)存調(diào)查中，與恒定條件相比，在存在波動(dòng)的情況下，目標(biāo)物種受到不同的影響。 無視我們研究中的自然波動(dòng)，加上我們通常的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法的其他局限性（圖 1），會(huì)大大削弱我們見解的相關(guān)性。 毫無疑問，我們收集了大量關(guān)于海洋急性酸化影響的信息。 為了將這些整理成一幅連貫而真實(shí)的圖片，我們需要：(1) 將這些知識(shí)輸入到描述性模型中，以及 (2) 進(jìn)行更全面的多因素或多變量調(diào)查，包括頻率和幅度自然尺度的驅(qū)動(dòng)波動(dòng)。 在可能的情況下，此類調(diào)查應(yīng)足夠長，以便適應(yīng)或適應(yīng)目標(biāo)物種、它們相關(guān)的微生物組以及它們與社區(qū)中其他物種的相互作用。 一種有希望的方法是對中宇宙系統(tǒng)中的海洋酸化（或許多其他生態(tài)問題）進(jìn)行調(diào)查，正如斯圖爾特等人所請求的那樣。 (2013) 和加圖索等人。 (2014)。 例如，一年多來，我們在一系列大型中世界（'Kiel Benthocosms'：圖 6）中進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于近自然條件下全球變化效應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)。 該社區(qū)是一個(gè)膀胱殘骸組合，包括大型藻類、它們的微型和大型表皮生物、中食草動(dòng)物、海星、貽貝、魚類，它們以自然比例移植到底棲動(dòng)物中。 驅(qū)動(dòng)因素（溫度、酸化、營養(yǎng)、缺氧）作為增量處理應(yīng)用，即作為環(huán)境條件的附加物。 delta 處理的值對應(yīng)于直到 2100 年均值變化的預(yù)測——只要這種預(yù)測存在于區(qū)域尺度。 由底棲動(dòng)物群落的新陳代謝和基爾峽灣（德國）水的生物學(xué)和水文學(xué)驅(qū)動(dòng)的波動(dòng)，以貫穿模式喂養(yǎng)底棲動(dòng)物，是自由承認(rèn)的。 實(shí)驗(yàn)持續(xù)時(shí)間涵蓋所有季節(jié)。 反應(yīng)是在物種和群落層面進(jìn)行記錄的，從而整合了不同個(gè)體發(fā)育階段、不同物種及其相互轉(zhuǎn)移的水平的反應(yīng)。 通過這種方法，我們希望提高我們了解全球變化如何影響自然環(huán)境中的物種、由這些物種組成的群落以及它們提供的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的能力。 盡管這些底棲動(dòng)物在概念上相當(dāng)先進(jìn)，但它們?nèi)匀挥衅渚窒扌浴?因此，某些生物，例如翼足類、魚類和海帶，由于尚不清楚的原因，只能保持良好的生理狀態(tài)3-6 個(gè)月。 必須控制或考慮“壁效應(yīng)”，即微生物群和絲狀藻類的生長增強(qiáng)。 微觀世界的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)對于闡明單一和孤立的影響始終很重要，而現(xiàn)場實(shí)驗(yàn)可用于驗(yàn)證底棲動(dòng)物的結(jié)果。 所有三種方法的互補(bǔ)使用，強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)新的中觀系統(tǒng)，允許多因素處理、多物種響應(yīng)和自然波動(dòng)的結(jié)合，對于實(shí)現(xiàn)對沿海棲息地未來 OA 影響的現(xiàn)實(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)是必要的。
圖 6. Kiel Benthocosms：在兩種溫度狀態(tài)（環(huán)境為 D08，溫暖或“未來”為 Dt58C）和兩種酸化狀態(tài)（低 pCO2 或“環(huán)境”在 400 matm（淺灰色下曲線）下的波動(dòng) Delta pH 處理；底棲動(dòng)物帶帽頂空處的高 pCO2 或“未來”為 1100 matm（深灰色上部曲線））。 快速振蕩（由垂直黑線表示的高 pCO2 狀態(tài)的振幅）是生物信號，可歸因于底棲動(dòng)物群落光合作用和呼吸的晝夜節(jié)律變化。 黑色虛線表示基爾峽灣 pH 值的季節(jié)性下降。 雙頭箭頭表示頂空 pCO2 處理對底棲動(dòng)物 pH 值的影響。 盡管在頂部空間空氣的 pCO2 增強(qiáng)中應(yīng)用了相同的處理強(qiáng)度，但這意味著較低溫度下的 pH 值差異較小。 pH 值的生物源晝夜波動(dòng)在較冷的區(qū)域也具有較小的幅度。
如果沒有將我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法升級到更復(fù)雜和更“真實(shí)”的水平，我們就會(huì)陷入一個(gè)德國笑話中描述的情況：一個(gè)男人在晚上在路燈下尋找丟失的鑰匙。 一位樂于助人的路人很快加入了他的努力。 經(jīng)過 30 分鐘的搜索未果，幫手問這位不幸的人是否真的確定他在這個(gè)地方丟失了他的鑰匙。 那人回答說：“不，不，我在街角丟了它們，但那里沒有路燈，在這里我們可以看到的地方搜索要方便得多”。
致謝 我們非常感謝 Christopher Cornwall（澳大利亞珀斯大學(xué)）對本文早期版本的寶貴意見。 兩位匿名審稿人和編輯史蒂夫霍金斯的評論和建議極大地改進(jìn)了本文的實(shí)質(zhì)和風(fēng)格。 我們非常感謝他們的努力。
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在沿海系統(tǒng)評估海洋酸化的影響所取得的成就——摘要、介紹
在沿海系統(tǒng)評估海洋酸化的影響所取得的成就——材料和方法
